El archivo histórico, una fuente de conocimiento para la gestión actual de pastos comunales

Iago Vázquez

doi:10.3989/pirineos.2019.174005

Authors

Iago Vázquez Doctor en Geografía https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3326-8658

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2019.174005

Keywords:

Common-pool resources, historical archive sources, institutional memory, participatory planning

Abstract

Far from representing an anachronism, common pastures are a valuable resource for many European village communities. Generally, these pastures are located in natural areas of high environmental value, and therefore many stakeholders are involved in their management: e.g. user communities, government agencies, NGOs. Experience has shown that collaboration among these stakeholders can be very useful, as this enables synthesis of different ways of analyzing the resource. Specifically, a valuable type of knowledge that user communities can supply is their governance history, which includes a set of management strategies designed by different generations. However, compiling this knowledge can be problematic, because, over time, user communities have usually lost a part of it. In this paper we show the benefits of using historical archive sources to compile the governance history of village communities that have used common pastures for long time periods. In addition, we provide a novel methodology that facilitates the analysis of these sources in participatory planning.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adler, P.B., Raff, D.A. & Lauenroth, W.K., 2001. The effect of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. Oecologia, 128: 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100737 PMid:28547391

Agrawal, A., 1995. Dismantling the divide between indigenous and scientific knowledge. Development and Change, 26: 413-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1995.tb00560.x

Agrawal, A., 2005. Environmentality, technologies of government and the making of subjects. Duke University Press: 325 pp., Durham. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822386421

Baland, J.M. & Platteau, J.P., 1996. Halting degradation of natural resources. Is there a role for rural communities? FAO - Oxford University Press: 423 pp., Oxford.

Ban, N.C., Mills, M., Tam, J., Hicks, C.C., Klain, S., Stoeckl, N., Bottrill, M.C., Levine, J., Pressey, R.L., Satterfield, T. & Chan, K. M., 2013. A social-ecological approach to conservation planning: embedding social considerations. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 11(4): 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1890/110205

Basurto, X., Kingsley, G., McQueen, K., Smith, M. & Weible, C.M., 2010. A systematic approach to institutional analysis: applying Crawford and Ostrom's grammatical syntax. Political Science Quarterly, 63(3): 523-537. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912909334430

Baur, I. & Binder, C.R., 2013. Adapting to socioeconomic developments by changing rules in the governance of common property pastures in the Swiss Alps. Ecology and Society, 18(4): 60. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05689-180460

Benton, T.G., Vickery, J.A. & Wilson, J.D., 2003. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18(4): 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00011-9

Berkes, F., Colding, J. & Folke, C., 2000. Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications, 10(5): 1251-1262. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1251:ROTEKA]2.0.CO;2

Berkes, F., 2007. Community-based conservation in a globalized world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 25(104): 15188-15193. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702098104 PMid:17881580 PMCid:PMC2000555

Berkes, F., 2009. Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 1692-1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.001 PMid:19110363

Bocanegra, R., 2008. Bienes comunales y vecinales. Iustel: 160 pp., Madrid.

Borrini, G., Pimbert, M., Taghi, M., Kothari, A. & Renard, Y., 2007, Eds. Sharing power. Learning-by-doing in co-management of natural resources throughout the world. Earthscan: 498 pp., London.

Busqué, J., Méndez, S. & Fernández, B., 2003. Estructura, crecimiento y aprovechamiento de pastos de puerto cantábricos invadidos o no por lecherina (Euphorbia polygalifolia). Pastos, 33: 283-303.

Carlsson, L. & Berkes, F., 2005. Co-management: concepts and methodological implications. Journal of Environmental Management, 75: 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.008 PMid:15748804

Carvajal, A., 2017. Prácticas colectivas y gestión de los espacios agrarios en la Alta Edad Media: una perspectiva comparada desde Irlanda y el noroeste de la península Ibérica. Historia Agraria, 73: 151-183. https://doi.org/10.26882/HistAgrar.073E06c

Chambers, R., 2006. Participatory Mapping and Geographic Information Systems: Whose map? Who is empowered and who disempowered? Who gains and who loses? EJISDC, 25 (2): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2006.tb00163.x

Cook, T., 1997. What is past is prologue: a history of archival ideas since 1898, and the future paradigm shift. Archivaria, 43: 17-63.

Corbera, M., 2010. Geografía histórica del paisaje de un valle montañés: el valle de Lamasón. Gobierno de Cantabria: 236 pp., Santander.

Davidova, S. & Thomson, K., 2014. Family farming in Europe: challenges and prospects. AGRI Committee, European Parliament.

Davidson, I.J. & O'Flaherty, R.M., 2007. Researchers, indigenous peoples, and place-based learning communities. Society and Natural Resources, 20: 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920601161312

Demélas, M.D. & Vivier, N., 2003, Eds. Les propriétés collectives face aux attaques libérales 1750-1914. Europe occidentale et Amérique latine. Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 337 pp., Rennes. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.23641

De Moor, T., Shaw-Taylor, L. & Warde, P., 2002, Eds. The management of common land in north west Europe, c. 1500- 1850. Brepols Publishers: 261 pp., Turnhout. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CORN-EB.5.105947

De Moor, T., 2007. La función del común. La trayectoria de un comunal en Flandes durante los siglos XVIII y XIX. En: R. Congost y J. M. Lana (eds.), Campos cerrados, debates abiertos: análisis histórico y propiedad de la tierra en Europa (siglos XVI-XIX), Universidad Pública de Navarra, 111-139 pp., Pamplona.

De Moor, T., Laborda, M., Lana, J. M., Van Weeren, R. & Winchester, A., 2016. Ruling the commons. Introducing a new methodology for the analysis of historical commons. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2): 529-588. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.760

Fernández-Giménez, M.E. & Fillat, F. 2012. Pyrenean pastoralists' ecological knowledge: documentation and application to natural resource management and adaptation. Human Ecology, 40: 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9463-x

Fillat, F., 2003. Gestión semi-extensiva de prados y pastos europeos ricos en especies. Caso particular de los Pirineos españoles. Pastos, XXXIII (2): 171-215.

Fillat, F., García-González, R., Gómez, D. & R. Reiné, 2008, Coords. Pastos del Pirineo. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Diputación de Huesca: 319 pp., Madrid.

Fischer, J. & Lindenmayer, D.B., 2007. Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16: 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00287.x

Folke, C., Colding, J. & Berkes, F., 2003. Synthesis: building resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems. En: F. Berkes, J. Colding y C. Folke (eds.), Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change, Cambridge University Press, 352-387 pp., Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541957.020

Ford, J.D., Smit, B. & Wandel, J., 2006. Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: a case study from Arctic Bay, Canada. Global Environmental Change, 16: 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.11.007

García-González, R., Reiné, R., Pérez, S., Gartzia, M. & Gómez, D., 2007. Comportamiento de ovinos en pastoreo libre y guiado por pastor en un puerto pirenaico. Actas de la XLVI Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos, pp. 400-407, Vitoria.

García Sanz, A., 1985. Introducción. En: A. García Sanz y R. Garrabou (eds.), Historia agraria de la España contemporánea, 1. Cambio social y nuevas formas de propiedad (1800-1850), Crítica, 7-99 pp., Barcelona.

Gómez-Baggethun, E., Reyes-García, V., Olsson, P. & Montes, C., 2012. Traditional ecological knowledge and community resilience to environmental extremes: a case study in Doñana, SW Spain. Global Environmental Change, 22(3): 640-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.02.005

Gómez-Pellón, E., 2002. El ocaso de la sociedad tradicional. En: A. Moure (ed.), Cantabria. Historia e instituciones, Universidad de Cantabria, 131-153 pp., Santander.

Grau-Satorras, M., Otero, I., Gómez-Baggethun, E. & Reyes-García, V., 2016. Long-term community responses to droughts in the early modern period: the case study of Terrassa, Spain. Ecology and Society, 21(2): 33. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08232-210233

Halbwachs, M., 2004. La memoria colectiva. Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza: 192 pp., Zaragoza.

Hardin, G., 1968. The tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162 (3859): 1243-1248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243

Hilborn, R., 1992. Can fisheries agencies learn from experience? Fisheries, 17(4): 6-14. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1992)017<0006:CFALFE>2.0.CO;2

Hinkel, J., Cox, M.E., Schlüter, M., Binder, C.R. & Falk, T., 2015. A diagnostic procedure for applying the social-ecological systems framework in diverse cases. Ecology and Society, 20(1): 32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07023-200132

Huntington, H.P., Brown-Schwalenberg, P.K., Frost, K.J., Fernandez-Gimenez, M.E., Norton, D.W. & Rosenberg, D.H., 2002. Observations on the workshop as a means of improving communication between holders of traditional and scientific knowledge. Environmental Management 30(6): 778-792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2749-9 PMid:12402093

Huyghe, C., De Vliegher, D., Van Gils, B. & Peeters, A., 2014, Eds. Grasslands and herbivore production in Europe and effects of common policies. Éditions Quae: 287 pp., Versailles Cedex. https://doi.org/10.35690/978-2-7592-2157-8

Izquierdo, J. & Barrena, G., 2006. Marqueses, funcionarios, políticos y pastores. Ediciones Nobel: 436 pp., Oviedo.

Ladero, M.A. & Galán, I., 1983. Las ordenanzas locales en la Corona de Castilla como fuente histórica y tema de investigación (siglos XIII al XVIII). Revista de Estudios de la Administración Local, 217: 221-243. https://doi.org/10.14198/medieval.1982.1.13

Lana, J.M., 2008. From equilibrium to equity: the survival of the commons in the Ebro Basin: Navarra from the 15th to the 20th centuries. International Journal of the Commons, 2(2): 162-191. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.49

Lasanta, T., 2010. Pastoreo en áreas de montaña: estrategias e impactos en el territorio. Estudios Geográficos, vol. LXXI, 268: 203-233. https://doi.org/10.3989/estgeogr.0459

Lynam, T., De Jong, W., Sheil, D., Kusumanto, T. & Evans, K., 2007. A review of tools for incorporating community knowledge, preferences, and values into decision making in natural resources management. Ecology and Society, 12(1): 5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01987-120105

McCay, B.J., 2002. Emergence of institutions for the commons: contexts, situations, and events. En: E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolsak, P.C. Stern, S. Stonich & U. Weber (eds.), The drama of the commons, National Academy Press, 361-402 pp., Washington DC.

Menéndez, I., Vázquez, I., Busqué, M. & Bayarri, E., 2012. Desarrollo de un plan de gestión sostenible de pastos comunales a escala municipal. Actas de la 51º Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos, 255- 261 pp., Pamplona.

Miller, T.R., Baird, T.D., Littlefield, C.M., Kofinas, G., Chapin, F.S. & Redman, C.L., 2008. Epistemological pluralism: reorganizing interdisciplinary research. Ecology and Society, 13(2): 46. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02671-130246

Montserrat-Martí, G. & Gómez-García, D., 2019. Variación de los dominios forestal y herbáceo en el paisaje vegetal de la Península Ibérica en los últimos 20.000 años. Importancia del efecto de los grandes herbívoros sobre la vegetación. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, 45. https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3659

Mora, M.J., Frutos. P., Fernández, B. & Busqué, J., 2007. Comportamiento en pastoreo en zonas de montaña de la Cordillera Cantábrica: comparación entre razas de ganado vacuno autóctonas (tudanca) y foráneas (limusina y charolesa). Actas de la XLVI Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos, 397-402 pp., Vitoria.

Mulder, C., Shibli, A. & Hale, J., 2006. Rights of way improvement plans and increased access to the countryside in England: some key issues concerning supply. Managing Leisure, 11 (2): 96-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710500520163

Netting, R. McC., 1981. Balancing on an Alp: ecological change and continuity in a Swiss mountain community. Cambridge University Press: 278 pp., Cambridge.

Ortega, J., 1989. La economía de montaña una economía de equilibrio. Ería, 1989: 115-128.

Ostrom, E., 2010. Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100: 641-672. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.641

Ostrom, E., 1990 [2011]. El gobierno de los bienes comunes. La evolución de las instituciones de acción colectiva. Fondo de Cultura Económica: 403 pp., México DF.

Ostrom, E., 2013. Comprender la diversidad institucional. KRK Ediciones: 752 pp., Oviedo.

Oteros-Rozas, E., Martín, B., Daw, T.M., Bohensky, E.L., Butler, J.R.A., Hill, R., Martin, J., Quinlan, A., Ravera, F., Ruiz, I., Thyresson, M., Mistry, J., Palomo, I., Peterson G.D., Plieninger, T., Waylen, K.A., Beach, D.M., Bohnet, I.C., Hamann, M., Hanspach, J., Hubacek, K., Lavorel, S. &. Vilardy, S.P., 2015. Participatory scenario planning in placebased social-ecological research: insights and experiences from 23 case studies. Ecology and Society, 20(4): 32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07985-200432

Parolo, G., Abeli, T., Gusmeroli, F. & Rossi, G., 2011. Largescale heterogeneous cattle grazing affects plant diversity and forage value of Alpine species-rich Nardus pastures. Grass and Forage Science, 66(4): 541-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2011.00810.x

Puente, L., 1992. Transformaciones agrarias en Cantabria, 1860-1930. Especialización vacuna y construcción del espacio agrario. Universidad de Cantabria: 364 pp., Santander.

Rathwell, K.J., Armitage, D. & Berkes, F., 2015. Bridging knowledge systems to enhance governance of environmental commons: a typology of settings. International Journal of the Commons, 9(2): 851-880. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.584

Reed, M.S., Evely, A.C., Cundill, G., Fazey, I., Glass, J., Laing, A., Newig, J., Parrish, B., Prell, C., Raymond, C. & Stringer, L.C., 2010. What is social learning? Ecology and Society, 15(4): r1. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01

Reid, W.V., Berkes, F., Wilbanks, T.J. & Capistrano, D., 2006, Eds. Bridging scales and knowledge systems: concepts and applications in ecosystem assessment. Island Press: 351 pp., Washington DC.

Scolozzi, R., Soane, I.D. & Gretter, A., 2014. Multiple-level governance is needed in the social-ecological system of Alpine cultural landscapes. En: Padt, F., Opdam, P., Polman, N., & C. Termeer (eds.), Scale-sensitive governance of the environment, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118567135.ch6

Siddiki, S., Weible, C.M., Basurto, X. & Calanni, J., 2011. Dissecting policy designs: and application of the institutional grammar tool. The Policy Studies Journal, 39(1): 79-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00397.x

Sutton, M.Q. & Anderson, E.N., 2014. Introduction to cultural ecology. Altamira Press: 431 pp., New York.

Tasser, E. & Tappeiner, U., 2002. Impact of land use changes on mountain vegetation. Applied Vegetation Science, 5(2): 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2002.tb00547.x

Thompson, E.P., 1993. Customs in common: studies in traditional popular culture. The New Press: 547 pp., New York.

Trimble, M., Gomes de Araujo, L. & Seixas, C.S., 2014. One party does not tango! fishers' non-participation as a barrier to co-management in Paraty, Brazil. Ocean & Coastal Management, 92: 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.02.004

Van Laerhoven, F. & Ostrom, E., 2007. Traditions and trends in the study of the commons. International Journal of the Commons, 1(1): 3-28. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.76

Vázquez, I., 2016. Aprendizaje histórico en gestión de bienes comunales: los pastos en Cantabria (España). Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Cantabria: 445 pp., Santander. http://hdl.handle.net/10902/8237

Vázquez, I., 2017. Back to the old commons: historical learning to recover institutional memory. Proceedings of the XVI Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Utrecht.

Wade, R., 1989. Village republics: economic conditions for collective action in South India. Cambridge University Press: 256 pp., Cambridge.

Warde, P., 2013. Imposition, emulation and adaptation: regulatory regimes in the commons of early modern Germany. Environment and History, 19: 313-337. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734013X13690716950109

Winchester, A.J.L., 2008. Statute and local custom: village byelaws and the governance of common land in medieval and early-modern England. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Cheltenham.

Winchester, A.J.L. & Straughton, E.A., 2010. Stints and sustainability: Managing stock levels on common land in England, c.1600-2006. Agricultural History Review, 58(1): 30-48. WRI (World Resources Institute), 2000. A guide to world resources 2000-2001: people and ecosystems: the fraying web of life. World Resources Institute: 389 pp., Washington DC.

Young, J., Watt, A., Nowicki, P., Alard, D., Clitherow, J., Henle, K., Johnson, R., Laczko, E., McCracken, D., Matouch, S., Niemela, J. & Caspian, R., 2005. Towards sustainable land use: identifying and managing the conflicts between human activities and biodiversity conservation in Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14: 1341-1661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-0536-z

Zingari, P.C., 2000. The role of European forest municipalities and local communities in the management of mountain forests. World conference of the International Association for the Study of the Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana.