Distribución espacio-temporal de los deslizamientos y erosión hídrica en una cuenca Andina tropical
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2020.175001Palabras clave:
Andes tropicales, Eventos extremos, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Cambio del uso de la tierra, Transporte de sedimentos, Erosión de suelo, Nucleidos cosmogénicos, Estaciones de aforoResumen
Las cadenas montañosas en las regiones tropicales se caracterizan por las altas tasas de erosión debido a los eventos de lluvia intensa, terrenos escarpados y al alto grado de meteorización del material parental. Los deslizamientos son fenómenos recurrentes, y son considerados como los procesos más importantes de erosión en las zonas montañosas y las principales fuentes de sedimentos en el sistema fluvial. Con el objetivo de cuantificar la contribución de sedimentos provenientes de los deslizamientos al sistema fluvial, se realizó un estudio de caso en la Cuenca del Río Pangór, Ecuador. En este estudio, se cuantificó las tasas de erosión a escala de cuenca por medio de información derivada de estaciones de aforo de caudales e inventarios de isótopos cosmogénicos en sedimentos fluviales. Después, se evaluó la fiabilidad y validez de la información obtenida con el objetivo de cuantificar la carga de sedimento transportado por el río en regiones montañosas. Finalmente, se analizó la fracción de la carga total de sedimento proveniente de deslizamientos en las laderas. La cuenca del Río Pangór fue seleccionada por su extensa serie de tiempo de datos hidrometeorológicos (1974-2009). La carga de sedimento en el Río Pangór fue estimada por medio de un análisis de magnitudfrecuencia de la información recolectada en una estación hidrométrica y datos de concentración de sedimentos en suspensión. Los resultados muestran un valor de un orden de magnitud menor que la tasa de erosión calculada en función de los inventarios de isótopos cosmogénicos. Esta diferencia se explica por (i) la dificultad de extrapolar la información sobre la frecuencia temporal de los caudales y la carga de sedimento en regímenes hidrológicos no estacionarios, y (ii) el submuestreo de eventos extremos. Bajo estas condiciones, la cuantificación de las tasas de erosión derivadas de los isótopos cosmogénicos proporcionan una metodología alternativa para la cuantificación de la carga total de sedimentos en el sistema fluvial. Un inventario multitemporal (1963-2010) de deslizamientos fue desarrollado a partir de imágenes de satélite y fotografías aéreas. Mediante trabajo de campo se generó información sobre la geometría de los deslizamientos para la cuantificación de volúmenes de sedimento producido por los deslizamientos. En la cuenca del Río Pangór las altas tasas de erosión producida por los deslizamientos varían entre 1688+901−326 y 630+300−108 t.km2.y-1, valores que son similares a las tasas de erosión derivadas de isotopos cosmogénicos. Los resultados indican que los deslizamientos son las principales fuentes de sedimento en esta cuenca montañosa.
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