The potential of distance sampling methods to estimate abundance of mountain ungulates: review of usefulness and limitations

Abstract

Accurate assessment of the populations of mountain ungulates is difficult. Topography and behaviour of animals are important factors influencing detectability, on which direct methods are based. Sympathry with other wild and domestic ungulates increases error of dung identification. Other factors, such as the size of the area to be surveyed, or unmarked populations of the target species, suggests the choice of curvilinear transects. If the basic assumptions of Distance Sampling methodology are met, then estimates of population density and accuracy can be obtained. Current technology (GPS, laser rangefinders, and G.I.S.) can be used to achieve accurate measurements of distances and angles. A crucial problem is to estimate the effective area sampled around each travelling path. Therefore, researchers and managers of mountain ungulates need an adaptation of Distance Sampling methodology to account for a tridimensional scenario imposed by the slope of mountains. There is also a requirement to standardize protocols for collecting data. Alternatives for design surveys and collection data when working with populations of mountain ungulates are discussed.