Onomastic Misnomers in the Construction of Faulty Andeanity and Weak Andeaness: Biocultural Microrefugia in the Andes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2019.174009Keywords:
Andeaness, Andeanity, Andeanitude, rurality, Páramo, Andean trilemmaAbstract
We seek to (re)construct a geocritical narrative for the essence of place, by (re)writing mountain specificities that imprint cultural traits on tropical and temperate Andean landscapes, creating a unique identity trilemma for the people of highland South America. We use onomastics as a study of mistaken individuality, with a poststructuralism approach to define ‘the Andean’ within humanistic geoecology; thus, we incorporate notions related to common phenotypic traits of ‘Andeanity’, together with cryptic, emergent properties of ‘Andeaness’ and mystic conditions of spirituality of ‘Andeanitude’, to produce a new trifecta of ecoregional building, with a challenging epistemology for ‘Andean’ as a biocultural heritage landscape informed from traditional knowledge, dialectically appropriated from the old and the young, the foreign and the native, and the original and the composed. Hence, the imagined, heterogeneous, and dynamic identity of Andean people is characterized as dynamic and evolving flow of the mountainscape. We argue that it is still adapting to frameworks of global environment change; hence, it is subjected to withering if not for certain biocultural microrefugia that keep Andean landscape memory alive. With a review of the hermeneutics of Andes, because of orthographic variants (c.f.: graphiosis) that incorporated Kichwa-based, Kañary-based or Mapudungun-based words in the hegemonic lexicon of colonial expansionism of Castilian terms, we argue for the inclusion of vernacular descriptors instead of Roman Sanctorum or Patriotic ephemerides utilized to name geographical features in Andean South America. A plea to restore vernacular descriptors with the original peoples’ language uses, toponymy and onomatopoeia, brings political recognition and invigorates original communities’ pride of their ancestral heritage to reinforce their wellbeing in biodiversity microrefugia. Switching from imperial, imposed names of colonialist geographies to vernacular words or other non-hegemonic locatives of (de) colonial scholarship will help find a better “sense of place” in the Andes and will increase the likelihood of survival and (re)generation of ancestral socio-ecological production Andean mountainscapes.
Downloads
References
Acosta, I., 1590. Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, en que se tratan cosas notables del cielo, y elementos, metales, plantas, y animales dellas: y ritos, y ceremonias, leyes, y gouierno, y guerras de los Indios. Compuesta por el Padre Ioseph de Acosta. Religioso de la Compañía de Iesus. Dirigida a la Serenissima Infanta Doña Isabella Clara Eugenia de Austria. Con Privilegio. Impreso en Seuilla en casa de Iuan de Leon. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.137953
Amilhat-Szary, A.-L., 2009. Rurality, ethnicity and mountain areas: The Andean referent in "Aymaras sin fronteras" project. Revue de Géographie Alpine, 97(2): 147-160. https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.933
Andreani, H., 2018. Búsqueda, regreso y agencia para una escritura quichua santiagueña: Mario Tebes (1927-2009). Runa, 39(2), 69-89. https://doi.org/10.34096/runa.v39i2.3927
Apiano, P., 1575. La Cosmographia de Pedro Apiano, corregida y añadida por Gemma Frisio.
Bauer, B. & Smith, V., (Eds.), 2007. The History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. University of Texas Press: Houston.
Borsdorf, A. & Stadel, Ch., 2015. The Andes: A geographical Portrait. Switzerland: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03530-7 PMid:26256920
Brickell, K., 2012. 'Mapping' and 'doing' Critical Geographies of Home. Progress in Human Geography, 36(2): 225-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511418708
Brown, D.A., Gersmehl, P.J. & Ziegler, S.S., 2007. Alternative Biogeographies of the Global Garden. Second Edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.: Dubuque, IO.
Burger, R.L., 1992. Chavín and the origins of Andean civilization. Thames and Hudson: London.
Camara, L. & Mesquita, M.B., 2018. Terraced Landscapes in Peru: Terraces and Social Water Management. Pp. 119-137. In: Varotto, M., Bonardi, L. & Tarolli, P. (Editors.). World Terraced Landscapes: History, Environment, Quality of Life. (Vol. 9). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96815-5_8
Camargo, J.S. & Sarmiento, F.O., (Forthcoming). Transition and circulation as paramount biocultural (dis)courses for the Andean Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) conservation. GeoHumanities.
Charaudeau, P. & Gentile, A.M. 2009. Reflexiones para el análisis del discurso populista. Discurso & Sociedad, 3(2): 253-279
Cieza de León, P., 1553. Primera Parte de la Crónica del Perú.
Casa de Martín de Montesdeoca: Sevilla. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
Cobo, B., 1964 [publicado en 1890 de su crónica de 1653]. Historia del Nuevo Mundo. Primera parte. En Biblioteca de autores españoles, desde la formación del lenguaje hasta nuestros días (continuación). Obras del P. Bernabé Cobo, S.J. de la Compañía de Jesús. I. Estudio preliminar y edición del P. Francisco Mateos de la misma Compañía. Atlas, Madrid.
Coronil, F., 1997. The magical state: Nature, money, and modernity in Venezuela. University of Chicago Press.
Dayton, P.K., 2018. Prefacio. Pp. vii-viii. In: Sagarin, R. & A. Pauchard. Ecología y Observación: Ampliando el enfoque de la ciencia para entender un mundo complejo. Concepción: Editorial Universitaria de Concepción.
Denevan, W.M., 2003. Cultivated landscapes of native Amazonia and the Andes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Donoso-Correa, M.E. & Sarmiento, F.O., 2019. Geospatial Memory and Joblesness interpolated: International migration oxymora in the city of Biblián, Southern Ecuador. American Journal of Geographic Information System, 8(2): 60-88.
Ellenberg, H., 1958. Wald oder Steppe? Die Natürliche Pflanzendecke der Anden Perus. Umschau, 1958: 645-681. Erickson, C.L., 2018. The domesticated landscapes of the Andes. Pp 53-67. In: Seligman, L.J. & K.S. Fine-Dare (Eds.). The Andean World. New York: Routledge.
Escobar, A., 1999. El lugar de la naturaleza y la naturaleza del lugar: ¿Globalización o post-desarrollo? Pp. 113-143. En: Lander, E. (Ed.). La colonialidad del saber: Eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales: Perspectivas latinoamericanas. Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSUNESCO): Buenos Aires.
Fernández, D., 1571. Primera y Segunda Parte, De La Historia del Perú, Que Se mandó a Escribir, á Diego Fernández, Vezino De La Ciudad de Palencia. Sevilla. Hernando Díaz.
Funes, M., 2009. Las búsquedas de sanación y los rituales terapéuticos vinculados al Gauchito Gil (Argentina). Espéculo, 42.
Gade, D., 1999. Nature and Culture in the Andes. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Gade, D., 2011. Curiosity, Inquiry, and the Geographical Imagination. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-0789-4
Gade, D., 2016. Mysterious Ucumari: The Andean Bear in Nature and Culture. Spell of the Urubamba. Pp 217-38. New York: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20849-7_6
Garcilaso de la Vega, I., 1609. Primera parte de los Commentarios Reales, qve tratan del origen de los Yncas, reyes qve fveron del Perv, de sv idolatria, leyes, y gouierno en paz y en guerra: de sus vidas y conquistas, y de todo lo que fue aquel Imperio y su Republica, antes que los Españoles passaran a el. Escritos por el Ynca Garcilasso de la Vega, natural del Cozco, y Capitan de su Magestad. Dirigidos a la Serenissima Princessa Doña Catalina de Portugal, Duqueza de Bragança, &c. Con licencia de la Sancta Inquisicion, Ordinario, y Paço. En Lisboa: En la officina de Pedro Crasbeeck. Año de MDCIX.
Girava, J., 1556. Dos libros de cosmographia compuestos nueuamente por Hieronymo Giraua. Tarragone.
Gose, P., 2018. The semi-social mountain: Metapersonhood and political ontology in the Andes. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 8(3): 488-505. https://doi.org/10.1086/701067
Grech, S., 2015. Decolonising eurocentric disability studies: Why colonialism matters in the disability and global South debate. Social Identities, 21(1): 6-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2014.995347
Isbell, W.H., 2008. Wari and Tiwanaku: International Identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon. Pp. 731-759. In: Silverman, H. & W.H. Isbell (Eds.). The Handbook of South American Archaeology. Springer: New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_37
Joda, N.S., 2003. La Agricultura de Montaña. Pp 403-428. En: Sarmiento, F.O. (Ed.). Montañas del Mundo: Una Prioridad Global con Perspectivas Latinoamericanas. Editorial Abya- Yala: Quito. 669 pp.
Knapp, G., 2019. Strategically relevant Andean environments. Pp 17-28. In: Seligman, L.J. & K.S. Fine-Dare (Eds.). The Andean World. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315621715-2
López de Gómara, F., 1554. Historia General de las Indias. En casa de Iuan Steelsio: Anvers. (2006). Barcelona: Linkgua.
Mauceri, P. & Burt, J-M., (Eds.), 2004. Politics in the Andes: Identity, Conflict and Reform. University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh. 324 Pp.
Mignolo, W.D., 1991. The Idea of Latin America. Kindle Books: New York.
Orlove, B., 1985. The history of the Andes: A brief overview. Mountain Research and Development, 5: 45-60. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673222
Ortega, A.H., 2018. Segunda Parte de la Historia General Llamada Índica (1572) de Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Estudio y Edición Anotada. PhD dissertation. City University of New York. CUNY Academic Works.
Perreault, T., 2009. Environment and Development. Pp 442-460. Castree, N., D. Demeritt, D. Liverman & B. Rhoads (Eds.). A Companion to Environmental Geography. Blackwell Publishing, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: West Sussex, UK.
Quilmes, Asociación, 2009. Folleto de visita al museo de la ciudad sagrada de Quilmes.
Rahbek, C., Borregaard, M., Colwell, R.K., Dalsgaard, B., Holt, B.G., Morueta-Holme, N., Nogués-Bravo, D., Whittaker, R.J. & Fjeldså, J., 2019. Humboldt's enigma: What causes global patterns of mountain biodiversity? Science, 365 (6458): 1108-1113. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0149 PMid:31515383
Resnake, R.N., 1988. Domination and cultural resistance: authority and power among an Andean people. Duke University Press. 321 pp. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822381518
Rhoades, R., 2006. Development with identity: Community, culture and sustainability in the Andes. CABI Publications. Oxford. 352 pp. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851999494.0000
Riukulehto, S., (Ed.). 2015. Between Time and Space. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge.
Robinson, D.F., 2010. Locating biopiracy: geographically and culturally situated knowledges. Environment and Planning A, 42(1): 38-56. https://doi.org/10.1068/a41346
Salomon, F., 1980. Los señores étnicos de Quito en la época de los Incas. Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología. Pendoneros, 10.
Sánchez, R., Hidalgo, R. & Arenas, F., 2017. Reconociendo las geografías de América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Sarmiento de Gamboa, P., 2007. The History of the Incas [1572]. Translated by Brian S. Bauer & Vania Smith. University of Texas Press: Houston.
Sarmiento, F.O., 2013a. Lo Andino: Integrating Stadel's views into the larger Andean identity paradox for sustainability. In: Borsdorf, A. (Editor). Christopher Stadel Festschrift. Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Sarmiento, F.O. 2013b. Ruinas Reificadas: El revivir indígena, los paisajes culturales y la conservación de sitios sagrados. Revista Parques (1): 1-14.
Sarmiento, F.O. & Hitchner; S., (Eds.). 2019. Indigeneity and the Sacred: Indigenous Revival and the Conservation of Sacred Natural Sites in the Americas. Berghahn Books: New York. 266 pp. Paperback edition.
Sarmiento, F.O., Ibarra, J.T., Barreau, A., Pizarro, J.C., Rozzi, R., González, J.A. & Frolich, L.M., 2017. Applied Montology Using Critical Biogeography in the Andes. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 107(2): 416-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1260438
Sauer, C.O., 1925. The Morphology of Landscape. In: Leighly,J. (editor),1969. Land and Life: A Selection From the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
Seligman, L.J., 1996. Review: Andean Logic and Andean Identity. American Anthropologist, 98(2): 411-413. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00210
Seligman, L.J. & Fine-Dare, K.S., (Eds.), 2019. The Andean World. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315621715
Silverman, H. & Isbell, W. H., (Eds.), 2008. The Handbook of South American Archaeology. Springer: New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5
Skewes, J.C. & Guerra, D.E., 2015. Sobre árboles y personas: La presencia del roble (Nothofagus obliqua) en la vida cordillerana mapuche de la cuenca del río Valdivia. Atenea (Concepción), 512: 189-210. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-04622015000200011
Stadel, C., 2001: "Lo Andino": andine Umwelt, Philosophie und Weisheit, Innsbrucker Geographische Studien, 32: 143-15.
Stobart, H. & Howard, R. (Eds.), 2002. Knowledge and Learning in the Andes: Ethnographic Perspectives. Liverpool University Press: Liverpool, 214 pp. https://doi.org/10.5949/UPO9781846313424 PMid:12860401
Thorp, R., Caumartin, C. & Gray-Molina, G., 2006. Inequality, ethnicity, political mobilization and political violence in Latin America: The cases of Bolivia, Guatemala and Peru. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 25(4): 453-480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2006.00207.x
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 1979. Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective. Pp 387-427. In: Gale S. & G. Olsson (Eds.). Phylosohpy in Geography. Reidel Publishing, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9394-5_19
Valdés, C., & Montalbán, M. 2019. "…It Was Highly Desirable They Should Be Illustrated": Images from the US Navy Astronomical Expedition in Chile (1849-1852). Nuncius 34(1): 99-127 https://doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03401004
Weitman, S., 1981. Some methodological issues in quantitative onomastics. Names, 29: 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1179/nam.1981.29.3.181
Zárate, A., 1555. Historia del descubrimiento y conquista del Perú. En casa de Alfonso Escriuano: Sevilla. Library of José Durand. University of Notre Dame
Zimmerer, K.S. (Ed.), 2006. Globalization and the new geographies of conservation. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
Zúñiga, R.M., 2003. Malinche: esa ausente siempre presente. México: Plaza y Valdés.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
