Water poverty index (WPI) evaluation in Borujerd-Dorood watershed (Iran) to reinforce land management plans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2021.176002Keywords:
Water Scarcity, Hydrological issues, Karoon river basin, Mountain water resourcesAbstract
Water poverty index (WPI) is widely considered a simple and clear tool to evaluate the effects of combined factors on water shortage and resources stress. In this research, we tried to focus on water tensions in the upstream part of the Karoon basin in Iran for analyzing the water status of the area. For this purpose, the required data were firstly obtained by preparing a report from the Water Authority, Agricultural part, and the Water and Wastewater Organization of Borujerd County. Then, the value of the WPI was estimated at the sub-basin scale of the large Karoon River in the Borujerd-Dorood Watershed (Iran) considering as a resource, the possibility to access, socio-economic capacity, uses, and environmental quality criteria. Results of this research indicated a variation range between 6.6 and 18.2, obtaining the lowest point for its current environmental condition and the highest point due to the easy access. The highest values of each criterion show the better conditions that lead to less water poverty in that sub-basin area. In general, the value of WPI in the study area is approximately 67.65, according to the classification of the Ecology and Hydrology center of Wallingford, this sub-basin is placed in a low to moderate range of water poverty. Given the multidimensional nature of the WPI and considering all the factors affecting the availability or lack of water resources as well as economic and social implications for the rural inhabitants devoted to agriculture and pasture, we conclude that this index can be considered as a useful tool in prioritizing the critical areas and an effective step to develop optimal use of water resources.
Downloads
References
Alessa, L., Kliskey, A., Lammers, R., Arp, C., White, D., Hinzman, L. & Busey, R., 2008. The arctic water resource vulnerability index: an integrated assessment tool for community resilience and vulnerability with respect to freshwater. Environmental Management, 42(3): 523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9152-0 PMid:18560929
Ariapour, A., Ghermezcheshmeh, B., Nasaji, M. & Piroozi, N., 2014. Effect prediction of rangeland condition changes on runoff by HEC-HMS model in Sarab-Sefid basin of Borujerd. RS & GIS for Natural Resources, 4(4): 62-78.
Asiabi-Hir, R., Mostafazadeh, R. & Esmali Ouri, A., 2018. Multi-criteria evaluation of water poverty index spatial variations in some watersheds of Ardabil Province. Iranian Journal of Ecohydrology, 4(4): 943-1268.
Babel, M.S. & Wahid, S.M., 2009. Freshwater under threat: South Asia. Vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources to environmental change. United Nations Environment Programme and Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.
Brooks, N., Adger, W.N. & Kelly, P.M., 2005. The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 15(2): 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.006
Brown, A. & Matlock, M.D., 2011. A review of water scarcity indices and methodologies. White paper, 106: 19.
Cho, D.I., Ogwang, T. & Opio, C., 2010. Simplifying the water poverty index. Social Indicators Research, 97(2): 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9501-2
Cho, D.L. & Ogwang, T., 2014. Water Poverty Index. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer Netherlands: 7003-7008. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3703
Colantoni, A., Grigoriadis, E., Sateriano, A., Venanzoni, G. & Salvati, L., 2016. Cities as selective land predators? A lesson on urban growth, deregulated planning and sprawl containment. Science of The Total Environment, 545-546: 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.170 PMid:26747997
Connor, R., 2015. The United Nations world water development report 2015: water for a sustainable world (Vol. 1). UNESCO publishing: 139 pp.
Cullis, J. & Regan, O.D., 2004. Targeting the water-poor through water poverty mapping. Water Policy, 6(5): 397-411. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0026
Diwakar, J. & Thakur, J.K. 2012. Environmental system analysis for river pollution control. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 223(6): 3207-3218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1102-z
.
Eckhardt, K., 2008. A comparison of baseflow indices, which were calculated with seven different baseflow separation methods. Journal of Hydrology, 352(1-2): 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.005
El-Gafy, I.K.E.D., 2018. The water poverty index as an assistant tool for drawing strategies of the Egyptian water sector. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(2): 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.09.008
FAO, 2008. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures. AQUASTAT Survey, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 2014. The Water-Energy-Food Nexus, A new approach in support of food security and sustainable agriculture, Rome, 2014, 28 p.
Hamouda, M.A., El-Din, M.M.N. & Moursy, F.I., 2009. Vulnerability assessment of water resources systems in the Eastern Nile Basin. Water Resources Management, 23(13): 2697-2725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9404-7
Han, H. & Zhao, L., 2005. Rural income poverty in Western China is water poverty. China World Economy, 13(5): 76-88.
Howard, G. & Bartram, J., 2003. Domestic water quantity, service level and health (No. WHO/SDE/WSH/03.02). World Health Organization.
Jafari Shalamzari, M. & Zhang, W., 2018. Assessing water scarcity using the water poverty index (WPI) in Golestan province of Iran. Water, 10(8): 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081079
Jahangir, M.H. & Yarahmadi, Y., 2020. Hydrological drought analyzing and monitoring by using Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) (case study: Lorestan, Iran). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13(3): 110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5059-8
Jemmali, H., 2017. Mapping water poverty in Africa using the improved Multidimensional Index of Water Poverty. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(4): 649-666. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1219941
Jodar-Abellan, A., Fernández-Aracil, P. & Melgarejo-Moreno, J., 2019a. Assessing Water Shortage through a Balance Model among Transfers, Groundwater, Desalination, Wastewater Reuse, and Water Demands (SE Spain). Water, 11: 1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051009
Jodar-Abellan, A., López-Ortiz, M.I. & Melgarejo-Moreno, J., 2019b. Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse in Spain. Current Situation and Perspectives. Water, 11: 1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081551
Juran, L., MacDonald, M.C., Basu, N. B., Hubbard, S., Rajagopal, R., Rajagopalan, P. & Philip, L., 2017. Development and application of a multi-scalar, participant-driven water poverty index in post-tsunami India. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(6): 955-975. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1253543
Kiani-Harchegani, M. & Sadeghi, S.H., 2020a. Practicing land degradation neutrality (LDN) approach in the Shazand Watershed, Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 698: 134319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134319 PMid:31518782
Kiani-Harchegani, M. & Sadeghi, S.H., 2020b. Soil quality analysis of the Shazand watershed ecosystem. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 50 (800784): 1843-1854.
Kiani-Harchegani, M., Sadeghi, S.H., Singh, V.P., Asadi, H. & Abedi, M., 2019. Effect of rainfall intensity and slope on sediment particle size distribution during erosion using partial eta squared. Catena, 176: 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.01.006
Koirala, S., Fang, Y., Dahal, N.M., Zhang, C., Pandey, B. & Shrestha, S., 2020. Application of Water Poverty Index (WPI) in Spatial Analysis of Water Stress in Koshi River Basin, Nepal. Sustainability, 12(2): 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020727
Kojiri, T., 2008. Importance and necessity of integrated river basin management. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 33(5): 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.02.001
Kumar, V., Parihar, R.D., Sharma, A., Bakshi, P., Singh Sidhu, G.P., Bali, A.S., Karaouzas, I., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A.K., Gyasi-Agyei, Y. & Rodrigo-Comino, J., 2019. Global evaluation of heavy metal content in surface water bodies: A meta-analysis using heavy metal pollution indices and multivariate statistical analyses. Chemosphere, 236: 124364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124364 PMid:31326755
Lawrence, P.R., Meigh, J. & Sullivan, C., 2002. The water poverty index: an international comparison. Keele, Straffordshire, UK: Department of Economics, Keele University.
Manandhar, S., Pandey, V.P. & Kazama, F., 2012. Application of water poverty index (WPI) in Nepalese context: A case study of Kali Gandaki River Basin (KGRB). Water Resources Management, 26(1): 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9907-x
Minea, G., Ioana-Toroimac, G., Moro, G., 2019. The dominant runoff processes on grassland versus bare soil hillslopes in a temperate environment - An experimental study. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 67: 8. https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2019-0018
Minea, G. & Moroşanu, G., 2014. Research of water balance at hydrological micro-scale in the Aldeni experimental basin (Romania). Forum geografic XIII: 185-192. https://doi.org/10.5775/fg.2067-4635.2014.104.d
Ministry of Energy, 2005. Guide lines and criteria for classification and coding watersheds and study areas in Iran. Publication no. 282-A.178 p.
Mlote, S.D., Sullivan, C. & Meigh, J., 2002. October. Water poverty index: a tool for integrated water management. 3rd WaterNet/Warfsa Symposium 'Water Demand Management for Sustainable Development', Dar es Salaam, 30-31 October 2002. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0423-8_3 PMid:12558693
Mohammad Jani, I. & Yazdanian, N., 2014. The analysis of water crisis conjecture in Iran and the exigent measures for its management. Trend (Trend of Economic Research, 21 (65-66): 117-144.
Mugagga, F. & Nabaasa, B.B., 2016. The centrality of water resources to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). A review of potentials and constraints on the African continent. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4(3): 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.05.004
Muoghalu J.I., 2009. Desertification and vegetation monitoring. Environmental monitoring - Vol. II - Desertification and Vegetation Monitoring ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) 2009. (Editor(s): Hilary I. Inyang, John L. Daniels)
OhIsson, L., 2000. Water conflicts and social resource scarcity. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 25(3): 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00006-X
Pandey, V.P., Babel, M.S., Shrestha, S. & Kazama, F. 2011. A framework to assess adaptive capacity of the water resources system in Nepalese river basins. Ecological Indicators, 11(2): 480-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.07.003
Pardoe, J., Conway, D., Namaganda, E., Vincent, K., Dougill, A.J. & Kashaigili, J.J., 2018. Climate change and the water-energy-food nexus: insights from policy and practice in Tanzania. Climate Policy, 18(7): 863-877. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082
Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L. & McMahon, T.A., 2007. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11(5): 1633-1644. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
Rijsberman, F.R., 2006. Water scarcity: fact or fiction? Agricultural Water Management, 80(1-3): 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001
Rodrigo-Comino, J., López-Vicente, M., Kumar, V., Rodríguez-Seijo, A., Valkó, O., Rojas, C., Pourghasemi, H.R., Salvati, L., Bakr, N., Vaudour, E., Brevik, E.C., Radziemska, M., Pulido, M., Di Prima, S., Dondini, M., de Vries, W., Santos, E.S., Mendonça-Santos, M. de L., Yu, Y., Panagos, P., 2020. Soil Science Challenges in a New Era: A Transdisciplinary Overview of Relevant Topics. Air, Soil and Water Research, 13: 1178622120977491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622120977491
Salvati, L. & Carlucci, M., 2016. Patterns of Sprawl: The Socioeconomic and Territorial Profile of Dispersed Urban Areas in Italy. Regional Studies, 50: 1346-1359. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1009435
Shakya B., 2012. Analysis and mapping water poverty of Indrawati Basin. World Wide Fund for Nature Nepal Report, 70 pp.
Smakhtin, V.U., 2001. Low flow hydrology: a review. Journal of Hydrology, 240: 147- 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00340-1
Smedema, L.K., 2003. Irrigated agriculture in Iran: a review of the principal sustainability, reform and efficiency issues. 28 pp.
Sullivan, C., 2002. Calculating a water poverty index. World development, 30(7): 1195-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00035-9
Sullivan, C.A. & Jemmali, H., 2014. Toward understanding water conflicts in MENA region: a comparative analysis using water poverty index. In: Economic Research Forum. Working Paper (Vol. 859), 27 pp.
Sullivan, C.A., Meigh, J.R. & Giacomello, A.M., 2003. The water poverty index: development and application at the community scale. Natural Resources Forum, 27 (3): 189-199. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.00054
Sullivan, C.A., Meigh, J. & Lawrence, P., 2006. Application of the Water Poverty Index at Different Scales: A Cautionary Tale. In: Memory of Jeremy Meigh who gave his life's work to the improvement of peoples lives. Water International, 31(3): 412-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060608691942
Sullivan, C., Meigh, J. & Fediw, T., 2002. Derivation and testing of the water poverty index phase 1. Final report, volume 1 - overview, center for ecology & hydrology (CEH). International Development and the Natural Environment Research Council, UK.
Taghipour, M. & Sarchoghaei, J.A., 2015. Evaluation of Tourist Attractions in Borujerd County with Emphasis on Development of New Markets by Using Topsis Model. Science Journal of Business and Management, 3(5): 175. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjbm.20150305.16
Thakur, J.K., Neupane, M. & Mohanan, A.A., 2017. Water poverty in upper Bagmati River basin in Nepal. Water Science, 31(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2016.12.001
UNCED. 1992. United Nations Conference on Environment & Development Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992 AGENDA 21.
van der Vyver, C., 2013. Water poverty index calculation: additive or multiplicative function?. Journal of South African Business Research, 2013. ID 615770, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5171/2013.615770
Van Ty, T., Sunada, K., Ichikawa, Y. & Oishi, S., 2010. Evaluation of the state of water resources using Modified Water Poverty Index: A case study in the Srepok River basin, Vietnam-Cambodia. International Journal of River Basin Management, 8(3-4): 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2010.523004
Vargas-Pineda, O.I., Trujillo-González, J.M., Torres-Mora, M.A., 2020. Supply-Demand of Water Resource of a Basin With High Anthropic Pressure: Case Study Quenane-Quenanito Basin in Colombia. Air, Soil and Water Research, 13: 1178622120917725. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622120917725
Viviroli, D., Weingartner, R. & Messerli, B., 2003. Assessing the hydrological significance of the world's mountains. Mountain Research and Development, 23(1): 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0032:ATHSOT]2.0.CO;2
WCED, S.W.S., 1987. World commission on environment and development. Our common future, 17: 1-91.
Weststrate, J., Dijkstra, G., Eshuis, J., Gianoli, A. & Rusca, M., 2019. The Sustainable Development Goal on Water and Sanitation: Learning from the Millennium Development Goals. Social Indicators Research, 143(2): 795-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1965-5
WHO/UNICEF. 2000. World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund. Joint monitoring programe for water supply and sanitation. Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report.2000.
Wurtz, M., Angeliaume, A., Herrera, M.T.A., Blot, F., Paegelow, M., & Reyes, V.M., 2019. A spatial application of the water poverty index (WPI) in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Water Policy, 21(1): 147-161. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.152
Yegemova, S., Kumar, R., Abuduwaili, J., Ma, L., Samat, A., Issanova, G., Ge, Y., Kumar, V., Keshavarzi, A. & Rodrigo-Comino, J., 2018. Identifying the key information and land management plans for water conservation under dry weather conditions in the Border areas of the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan. Water, 10(12): 1754. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121754
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.